Learning Resource Center - Terre Haute

1. An in-text citation, which is an abbreviated form of the source citation included in the essay portion of the project

2. A full citation, which is included at the end of the project on a Works Cited page, References list, or whatever type of research format is required for the assignment.

One of your roles as a researcher and writer is assuring this cross-referencing technique is in place and has been used correctly so your rea-ders have a very clear picture of where your research was derived, who provided the research, and how readers can follow your research trail to explore the source material themselves.

Here is an example of cross-referencing in APA 7th edition style:

According to Jones (2022), "Student researchers prefer APA to MLA at a rate of 4 to 1" (p.24).

This in-text citation tells readers that Jones made this statement in source material published in 2022. But the in-text citation also guides readers to the APA References list at the end of the essay for more information regarding the source material:

Jones, S. (2023). Student research method preferences. Journal of Research Studies, 12(3), 19-24. https://doi.org/12.3210000

Because this source was fully cross-referenced, readers know that the quote from Jones came from this article on page 24 of the publication. And the article can be located using the information provided in the References list citation.

Periodicals--sources that are published regularly, like magazines, journals, or newspapers--often offer what is known as a DOI or "Direct Object Identifier" that establishes a stable reference point for the source material, particularly in the area of electronic or virtual sources.

Citing a Source with a DOI Provided

If a DOI is provided by the publisher, it should be used in the APA Reference List citation.  Here is an example of a source with a DOI provided:

Jones, G., & Smith, S. (2022). How to use APA. APA Style Magazine 6(1), 11–16. 

     https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979

Citing a Source with No DOI Provided

If a publisher does not provide a DOI for an electronic source, APA recommends including a stable URL--or link--that allows readers to locate the source material online.  Here is an example of a journal article without a DOI but with a stable URL:

Harris, J. (2021). Advice from the APA front lines: Researching and writing

     like a professional. Journal of APA Style, 57(1), 76-83. 

     https://www.jstor.org/stableurl/123456                                                                                                       

TIP:  In addition to labeling and providing references for images, charts, tables, or graphs in an APA style paper, research writers should direct readers to the image directly in the body of the essay, either by using an end-parenthetical citation or by integrating a reference point with leading phrases or contextual sentences.

In-Text End Parenthetical Examples:

(see Figure 1)

(Figure 1)

In-Text Leading Phrase or Sentence Context Examples:

Figure 1 shows...

Figure 1 indicates...

An example of _____ is shown in Figure 1...

As demonstrated in Figure 1...

• Annotated Bibliography: an alphabetized working list of potential sources containing 1) a full APA style citation for the source 2) an analysis and summary of the source material regarding its credibility, important points made by the authors or sponsors of the source, and its relevance to a particular student research project.

• Citations: information regarding source material used in a research essay; in-text citations are located in the essay itself, while APA References list citations (also known as ‘entries’) are located at the end of the research paper.

• Cross-referencing: the method in which a researcher connects in-text citations with source information located on References page (s).

• Databases: online aggregates of research and information, often located within a college library virtual platform.

• DOI or Director Object Identifier: a unique identification number assigned to source material, such as journal articles, which can be substituted for an URL or permalink in a References list entry.

• Entry or Entries: a term used to describe each full citation listed on the References page (s).

• Full-Text: indicates a source is provided in its entirety, typically exactly as it was originally published.

• In-text citations: an abbreviated form of citation included in the body of an essay; the in-text citation matches the first word of the full APA References page entry and allows readers to cross-reference, or match, the in-text citation with the entry on the References page (s).

• Journalist’s Questions:  a method of using “Who, What, Where, When, Why, or How” to establish elements of a citation or to determine validity of a source.

• Leading phrases: Also known as introductory tags or signal phrases; used in the body of a research paper to introduce source material, such as an author or a sponsor of the information or data being cited. Typically used when direct quotes are being integrated into the essay.

• Parenthetical citation: An in-text citation format that employs parentheses at the end of a sentence to provide cross-referencing  information about a source. Typically used for summaries or paraphrases.

• Peer-reviewed or Scholarly Articles: Journal or magazine articles that are published by a vetted publisher or professional organization; articles that have been written and/or reviewed by professionals within any given field of study.

• Permalink: a dedicated hyperlink that will not change over time assigned to a specific resource.

• Plagiarism: Intentionally or unintentionally neglecting to give credit for ideas, opinions, research, or data that is not your own.

• References list: page(s) located at the end of an APA style research essay; includes all pertinent information regarding sources used in the body of the research paper in the form of alphabetized entries.